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1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATIONAdagene Inc. (the “Company”) is a limited liability company incorporated in the Cayman Islands on February 25, 2011. The Company, together with its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Group”), are principally engaged in research, development and production of monoclonal antibody drugs for cancers.On February 8, 2021, the Company’s registration statement relating to its initial public offering (“IPO”) of its American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and the shares of its ADSs began trading on the NASDAQ Global Market on February 9, 2021. The public offering price of the ADSs sold in the IPO was $19.00 per ADS. The IPO closed on February 11, 2021, pursuant to which the Company issued 8,457,100 ADSs, including the exercise in full of the underwriters’ option to purchase 1,103,100 additional ADSs from the Company. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $145.9 million, after underwriting discounts, commissions and estimated offering expenses. Each ADS represents one and one quarter (1.25) ordinary shares of the Company. Upon the completion of the IPO, all outstanding shares of the convertible redeemable preferred shares were converted into ordinary shares.As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s principal subsidiaries are as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Percentage of legal</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Date of</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Place of</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">ownership</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Entity</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">incorporation</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">incorporation</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">by the Company</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.58%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Principal activities</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene (Hong Kong) Limited</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">December 12, 2011</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Hong Kong</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">% </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Investment holding, and research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene Incorporated</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">September 20, 2017</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">The United States of America</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">% </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene (Suzhou) Limited</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">February 28, 2012</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">The People’s Republic of China (“PRC” or “China”)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">% </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene Australia PTY Ltd.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">May 30, 2018</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Australia</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene PTE. Ltd.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">March 27, 2020</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Singapore</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene AG</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">August 31, 2020</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Switzerland</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">% </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene Project C1 PTE. Ltd.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">March 25, 2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Singapore</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">% </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr></table>

19.00

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145900000

1.25 <table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Percentage of legal</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Date of</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Place of</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">ownership</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Entity</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">incorporation</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">incorporation</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.13%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">by the Company</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.58%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Principal activities</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene (Hong Kong) Limited</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">December 12, 2011</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Hong Kong</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">% </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Investment holding, and research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene Incorporated</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">September 20, 2017</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">The United States of America</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">% </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene (Suzhou) Limited</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">February 28, 2012</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">The People’s Republic of China (“PRC” or “China”)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">% </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene Australia PTY Ltd.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">May 30, 2018</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Australia</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene PTE. Ltd.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">March 27, 2020</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Singapore</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene AG</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">August 31, 2020</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Switzerland</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">% </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.59%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Adagene Project C1 PTE. Ltd.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">March 25, 2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Singapore</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:12.13%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">100</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">% </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:27.58%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development of innovative medicines</td></tr></table>

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIESBasis of presentationThe accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). References to specific GAAP principles throughout these notes to the accompanying financial statements are to the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), as published by the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).Principles of ConsolidationThe consolidated financial statements of the Group include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.Use of estimatesThe preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the Group’s consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, licensing and collaboration revenue recognition, research and development expense allocation, the useful lives and impairment of long-lived assets, tax valuation allowance, share-based compensation expenses, and measurement of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Management bases the estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.Foreign currency translationThe functional currency of the Company, Adagene (Hong Kong) Limited, Adagene Incorporated, Adagene PTE. Ltd. and Adagene Project C1 PTE. Ltd. is the United States dollar (“US$”). The functional currency of the Company’s PRC subsidiary is Renminbi (“RMB”). The functional currency of the Company’s Australian subsidiary is Australian dollar (“AU$”). The functional currency of the Company’s Swiss subsidiary is Swiss Franc (“CHF”). The determination of the respective functional currency is based on the criteria stated in ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. The Company uses US$ as its reporting currency. The financial statements of the Company’s PRC, Australian and Swiss subsidiaries are translated from the functional currency to the reporting currency.Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into the functional currency at the exchange rates quoted by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”) prevailing on the transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are re-measured at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical costs in foreign currency are re-measured using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet date, equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates and revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rate for the year. Translation adjustments are reported as accumulated comprehensive loss and are shown as a separate component of other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash and demand deposits which are highly liquid. The Group considers highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and with original maturities from the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. All cash and cash equivalents are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use.Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accountsAccount receivable is recorded when the Group has an unconditional right to consideration. A right to consideration is unconditional if only the passage of time is required before payment of that consideration is due. Accounts receivable is carried at net realizable value. The allowance for credit losses reflects the best estimate of future losses over the contractual life of outstanding accounts receivable and is determined on the basis of historical experience, specific allowances for known troubled accounts, other currently available information including customer financial condition, and both current and forecasted economic conditions.Fair value measurementsThe Group applies ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 820 requires disclosures to be provided for fair value measurements. ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.Level 2—Other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.Level 3—Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.ASC 820 describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach; and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalent, accounts receivable, amounts due to related parties and other current assets, accounts payable, amounts due to related parties, accrued liabilities and other current liabilities and short-term borrowings approximate their fair values because of their generally short maturities. The carrying amount of long-term borrowings approximate their fair values since they bear interest rates which approximate market interest rates.The Group did not transfer any assets or liabilities in or out of Level 3 during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2023The Group had no financial assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2023.Property, equipment and softwareProperty and equipment and software are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Category</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Estimated Useful Life</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Machinery and laboratory equipment</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">5 years</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Vehicles</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">4 years</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Furniture and tools</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">3 - 5 years</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Electronic equipment</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">3 years</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Computer software</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">3 - 5 years</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Leasehold improvements</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Lesser of lease terms or estimated useful lives of the assets</td></tr></table>Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred, whereas the cost of renewals and betterments that extend the useful lives of property, equipment and software are capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sales and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization from the asset and accumulated depreciation and amortization accounts with any resulting gain or loss reflected in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.Impairment of long-lived assetsThe Group evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets, including fixed assets and intangible assets with finite lives, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. When these events occur, the Group measures impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the assets, the Group recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the assets over their fair value. Fair value is generally determined by discounting the cash flows expected to be generated by the assets, when the market prices are not readily available. The adjusted carrying amount of the assets is the new cost basis and is depreciated over the assets’ remaining useful lives. Long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities.No impairment loss was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023.Segment reportingIn accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, the Group’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer. The Group’s CODM reviews the consolidated results of operations when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. The Group operates and manages it business as a single segment. No geographical segments are presented as a substantial portion of the Group’s long-lived assets are located in the PRC with the exception of certain laboratory and electronic equipment which are located in the U.S.Revenue recognitionAt contract inception of collaboration and out-licensing arrangements, the Group analyzes its arrangements to assess whether they are within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”) to determine whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities. For collaboration arrangements within the scope of ASC 808 that contain multiple elements, the Group first determines which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808 and those that are reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and therefore within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). For elements of collaboration arrangements that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 808, an appropriate recognition method is determined and applied consistently. Under the criteria of ASC 606, the Group recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services.The Group adopted ASC 606 for all periods presented. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration, if any; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Group only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect substantially all the consideration to which it is entitled in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. The Group reviews the contract to determine which performance obligations are distinct and represent a promise to provide distinct goods or services or a series of distinct goods or services as defined by the standard. The Group recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to each performance obligation as and when that performance obligation is satisfied.Licenses of Intellectual Property: Upfront non-refundable payments for licensing the Group’s intellectual property are evaluated to determine if the license is distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement. For licenses determined to be distinct, the Group recognizes revenues from non-refundable, up-front fees allocated to the license at a point in time, when the transfer of control of the license to the licensee occurs and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license. For licenses determined not to be distinct, the Group accounts for the promise to grant a license and those other promised goods or services together as a single performance obligation when recognizing revenue.Research and Development Services: The portion of a transaction price allocated to research and development services performance obligations is deferred and recognized as collaboration revenue over time as delivery or performance of such services occurs.Milestone Payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes development, commercialization, and regulatory milestone payments, the Group evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and to the extent that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur in future periods, estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. The transaction price is then allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for which the Group recognizes revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Group re-evaluates the probability of achieving such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjust the estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.Royalties: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Group recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).Contract assets and contract liabilitiesWhen a customer pays consideration before the Group transfers products or services, the Group records its obligation as a contract liability; When the Group satisfies its performance obligations by providing products or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration and before payment is due, the Group recognizes its rights to consideration as a contract asset.Other operating income, netOther operating income, net included a one-time compensation payment from a contract manufacturer in relation to company losses for a preclinical-related outsourcing arrangement.Research and development expensesElements of research and development expenses primarily include (1) payroll and other related costs of personnel engaged in research and development activities, (2) costs related to pre-clinical testing of the Group’s technologies under development and clinical trials such as payments to contract research organizations (“CRO”) and contract manufacturing organizations (“CMO”), investigators and clinical trial sites that conduct the clinical studies; (3) costs to develop the product candidates, including raw materials and supplies, product testing, depreciation and amortization, and facility related expenses, and (4) other research and development expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred when the related research and development services are provided to the Group and the resulting assets, if any, have no alternative future uses. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group had several ongoing clinical studies in various clinical trial stages. The contracts with CRO and CMO are generally cancellable, with notice, at the Group’s option. The Group did not record any accrued expenses related to cancellation of CRO or CMO contracts as of December 31, 2022 or 2023 as the Group did not have any plan to cancel the existing CRO or CMO contracts.Government subsidiesGovernment subsidies primarily consist of financial subsidies received from provincial and local governments for operating a business in their jurisdictions and compliance with specific policies promoted by the governments. The Group’s PRC based subsidiary received government subsidies from certain local government. The Group’s government subsidies consist of specific subsidies and other subsidies. Specific subsidies are subsidies that the local government has set certain conditions for the subsidies. Other subsidies are the subsidies that the local government has not set any conditions and are not tied to future trends or performance of the Group, receipt of such subsidy income is not contingent upon any further actions or performance of the Group and the amounts do not have to be refunded under any circumstances. These specific subsidies are recorded as other non-current liabilities upon receipt and are recognized as other income when the conditions are met. Other subsidies are recognized as other income upon receipt as further performance by the Group is not required. In addition, the Group’s Australian subsidiary received research and development tax incentive from the Australian Taxation Office in 2021, 2022 and 2023. The tax incentive was recognized as other income upon receipt as the incentive was not dependent upon having a tax liability and further performance by the Group was not required.Government subsidies of US$1.4 million, US$2.1 million and US$1.5 million were received and recognized as other income during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.LeasesIn accordance with ASC 842 adopted on January 1, 2022, the Group determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Lease liabilities that become due within one year of the balance sheet date are classified as current liabilities. The Group does not have any finance leases since the adoption date.ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are calculated as the present value of the lease payments not yet paid. As the rate implicit in the Group’s leases is not typically readily available, the Group uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. This incremental borrowing rate reflects the fixed rate at which the Group could borrow the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment. ROU assets include any lease prepayments and are reduced by lease incentives. Operating lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease terms are based on the non-cancelable term of the lease and may contain options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Group will exercise that option.The Group has elected to adopt the following lease policies in conjunction with the adoption of ASU 2016-02: (i) elect for each lease not to separate non-lease components from lease components and instead to account for each separate lease component and the non-lease components associated with that lease component as a single lease component; (ii) for leases that have lease terms of 12 months or less and does not include a purchase option that is reasonably certain to exercise, the Group elected not to apply ASC 842 recognition requirements; and (iii) the Group elected to apply the package of practical expedients for existing arrangements entered into prior to January 1, 2022 to not reassess (a) whether an arrangement is or contains a lease, (b) the lease classification.Comprehensive income (loss)Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the changes in equity of the Group during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances excluding transactions resulting from investments by shareholders and distributions to shareholders. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) of the Group includes foreign currency translation adjustments related to the Group and its subsidiaries whose functional currency is not US$.Income taxesThe Group follows the liability method of accounting for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will be in effect in the period in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Group records a valuation allowance to offset deferred tax assets if based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rate is recognized in tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date of the change in tax rate.The Group evaluates its uncertain tax positions using the provisions of ASC 740, which prescribes a recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the consolidated financial statements.The Group recognizes in the consolidated financial statements the benefit of a tax position which is “more likely than not” to be sustained under examination based solely on the technical merits of the position assuming a review by tax authorities having all relevant information. Tax positions that meet the recognition threshold are measured using a cumulative probability approach, at the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement. It is the Group’s policy to recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, as a component of income tax expense.BorrowingsBorrowings are recognized initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently stated at amortized cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.Share-based compensationThe Company grants restricted shares and stock options to eligible employees and nonemployees and accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation.Share-based compensation awards are measured at the grant date fair value of the awards and recognized as expenses (a) immediately at the grant date if no vesting conditions are required; (b) for share-based awards granted with only service conditions, using the straight-line method over the vesting period; or (c) for share-based awards granted with service conditions and performance conditions, using the graded vesting method over the vesting period if and when the Company concludes that it is probable that the performance conditions will be achieved.A change in any of the terms or conditions of share-based awards is accounted for as a modification of the awards. The Group calculates incremental compensation expense of a modification as the excess of the fair value of the modified awards over the fair value of the original awards immediately before its terms are modified at the modification date. For vested awards, the Group recognizes incremental compensation cost in the period when the modification occurs. For awards not being fully vested, the Group recognizes the sum of the incremental compensation expense and the remaining unrecognized compensation expense for the original awards over the remaining requisite service period after modification.Net loss per shareIn accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of unrestricted ordinary shares outstanding during the year using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, net loss is allocated between ordinary shares and other participating securities based on dividends declared (or accumulated) and participating rights in undistributed earnings as if all the earnings for the reporting period had been distributed. Diluted net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders, as adjusted for the effect of dilutive ordinary equivalent shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares include ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of share options, using the treasury stock method. Ordinary share equivalents are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share if their effects are anti-dilutive. For the periods presented herein, the computation of basic net loss per share using the two-class method is not applicable as the Group does not have participating securities that have contractual rights and obligations to share in the losses of the Group.Employee defined contribution planAs stipulated by the regulations of the PRC, full-time employees of the Group are entitled to staff welfare benefits including medical care, welfare subsidies, unemployment insurance and pension benefits through a PRC government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan. The Group is required to accrue for these benefits based on certain percentages of the qualified employees’ salaries. The Group is required to make contributions to the plans out of the amounts accrued. The PRC government is responsible for the medical benefits and the pension liability to be paid to these employees and the Group’s obligations are limited to the amounts contributed. The Group has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The Group recorded employee benefit expenses of US$2,223,493, US$2,984,251 and US$2,584,392 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.Concentration of risksConcentration of credit riskAs of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the amount of cash and cash equivalents of US$8,617,157 and US$6,538,253 respectively, were held at major financial institutions located in Mainland China, and US$135,141,521 and US$103,396,004,respectively, were deposited with major financial institutions located outside of Mainland China. Management believes that these financial institutions are of high credit quality and continually monitors the credit worthiness of these financial institutions.Accounts receivable, if any, is typically unsecured and denominated in US$ and/or RMB and is derived from revenues earned from customers. The Group manages credit risk of accounts receivable through ongoing monitoring of the outstanding balances.Concentration of suppliersFor the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, a significant portion of the Group’s research and development services were purchased from one supplier group, who collectively accounted for 18.5%, and 34.1% of the Group’s total research and development services purchases, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no suppliers who collectively accounted for more than 10% of the Group’s total research and development services.Business and economic riskThe Group believes that changes in any of the following areas could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s future consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows: changes in the overall demand for services; competitive pressures due to new entrants; advances and new trends in new technologies and industry standards; changes in certain strategic relationships; regulatory considerations and risks associated with the Group’s ability to attract employees necessary to support its growth. The Group’s operations could also be adversely affected by significant political, regulatory, economic and social uncertainties in the PRC.Foreign currency exchange rate riskA significant portion of the Group’s businesses are transacted in RMB, which is not a freely convertible currency. On January 1, 1994, the PRC government abolished the dual rate system and introduced a single rate of exchange as quoted daily by the PBOC. However, the unification of the exchange rates does not imply that the RMB may be readily convertible into US$ or other foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions continue to take place either through the PBOC or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rates quoted by the PBOC. Approval of foreign currency payments by the PBOC or other institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices, shipping documents and signed contracts.From July 21, 2005, the RMB is permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. For U.S. dollar against RMB, there was appreciation of approximately 9.24% in the year ended December 31, 2022 and appreciation of approximately 1.70% in the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future.The functional currency and the reporting currency of the Company are the US$. However, the Group incurs portions of our expenses, and derives revenues, in currencies other than US$, in particular, the RMB. Any significant fluctuation of the valuation of RMB may materially affect the Group’s cash flows, expenses, losses and financial position, and the value of any dividends payable on the American Depositary Shares in US$.Recently issued accounting pronouncementsThe Group is an emerging growth company (“EGC”) as defined by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”). The JOBS Act provides that an EGC can take advantage of extended transition periods for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an EGC to delay adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. The Group elected to take advantage of the extended transition periods. However, this election will not apply should the Group cease to be classified as an EGC.New and amended standards adopted by the GroupIn June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 is intended to improve financial reporting by requiring timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. This ASU requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This ASU requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of the Group’s portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10, which extends the adoption date for certain registrants. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 for the Group. The Group has adopted ASU 2016-13 and the impact of this adoption was assessed to be not material.New and amended standards not yet adopted by the GroupIn August 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, which simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments by removing certain separation models in Subtopic 470-20, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options, for convertible instruments and also increases information transparency by making disclosure amendments. The standard is effective for private companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Group has evaluated the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and assessed the impact of the adoption to be immaterial.In November 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which improves the disclosures about a public entity’s reportable segments and address requests from investors for additional, more detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses. The standard shall be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. The Group has evaluated the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and assessed the impact of the adoption to be immaterial.In December 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which enhances the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The standard is effective for public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. For entities other than public business entities, the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. The standard allows the amendments to be applied the standard on a prospective basis or a retrospective basis. The Group has evaluated the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and assessed the impact of the adoption to be immaterial.

Basis of presentationThe accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). References to specific GAAP principles throughout these notes to the accompanying financial statements are to the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), as published by the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

Principles of ConsolidationThe consolidated financial statements of the Group include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Use of estimatesThe preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in the Group’s consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, licensing and collaboration revenue recognition, research and development expense allocation, the useful lives and impairment of long-lived assets, tax valuation allowance, share-based compensation expenses, and measurement of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Management bases the estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Foreign currency translationThe functional currency of the Company, Adagene (Hong Kong) Limited, Adagene Incorporated, Adagene PTE. Ltd. and Adagene Project C1 PTE. Ltd. is the United States dollar (“US$”). The functional currency of the Company’s PRC subsidiary is Renminbi (“RMB”). The functional currency of the Company’s Australian subsidiary is Australian dollar (“AU$”). The functional currency of the Company’s Swiss subsidiary is Swiss Franc (“CHF”). The determination of the respective functional currency is based on the criteria stated in ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters. The Company uses US$ as its reporting currency. The financial statements of the Company’s PRC, Australian and Swiss subsidiaries are translated from the functional currency to the reporting currency.Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into the functional currency at the exchange rates quoted by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”) prevailing on the transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are re-measured at the exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical costs in foreign currency are re-measured using the exchange rates at the dates of the initial transactions. Exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates at the balance sheet date, equity accounts are translated at historical exchange rates and revenues, expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rate for the year. Translation adjustments are reported as accumulated comprehensive loss and are shown as a separate component of other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents primarily consist of cash and demand deposits which are highly liquid. The Group considers highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and with original maturities from the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. All cash and cash equivalents are unrestricted as to withdrawal and use.

Accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accountsAccount receivable is recorded when the Group has an unconditional right to consideration. A right to consideration is unconditional if only the passage of time is required before payment of that consideration is due. Accounts receivable is carried at net realizable value. The allowance for credit losses reflects the best estimate of future losses over the contractual life of outstanding accounts receivable and is determined on the basis of historical experience, specific allowances for known troubled accounts, other currently available information including customer financial condition, and both current and forecasted economic conditions.

Fair value measurementsThe Group applies ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. ASC 820 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. ASC 820 requires disclosures to be provided for fair value measurements. ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.Level 2—Other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.Level 3—Unobservable inputs which are supported by little or no market activity.ASC 820 describes three main approaches to measuring the fair value of assets and liabilities: (1) market approach; (2) income approach; and (3) cost approach. The market approach uses prices and other relevant information generated from market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities. The income approach uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present value amount. The measurement is based on the value indicated by current market expectations about those future amounts. The cost approach is based on the amount that would currently be required to replace an asset.The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalent, accounts receivable, amounts due to related parties and other current assets, accounts payable, amounts due to related parties, accrued liabilities and other current liabilities and short-term borrowings approximate their fair values because of their generally short maturities. The carrying amount of long-term borrowings approximate their fair values since they bear interest rates which approximate market interest rates.The Group did not transfer any assets or liabilities in or out of Level 3 during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2023The Group had no financial assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2023.

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Property, equipment and softwareProperty and equipment and software are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Category</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Estimated Useful Life</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Machinery and laboratory equipment</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">5 years</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Vehicles</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">4 years</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Furniture and tools</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">3 - 5 years</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Electronic equipment</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">3 years</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Computer software</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">3 - 5 years</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:54.9%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Leasehold improvements</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:43.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Lesser of lease terms or estimated useful lives of the assets</td></tr></table>Repair and maintenance costs are charged to expense as incurred, whereas the cost of renewals and betterments that extend the useful lives of property, equipment and software are capitalized as additions to the related assets. Retirements, sales and disposals of assets are recorded by removing the cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization from the asset and accumulated depreciation and amortization accounts with any resulting gain or loss reflected in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

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P4Y

P3Y

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Impairment of long-lived assetsThe Group evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets, including fixed assets and intangible assets with finite lives, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. When these events occur, the Group measures impairment by comparing the carrying amount of the assets to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying amount of the assets, the Group recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying amount of the assets over their fair value. Fair value is generally determined by discounting the cash flows expected to be generated by the assets, when the market prices are not readily available. The adjusted carrying amount of the assets is the new cost basis and is depreciated over the assets’ remaining useful lives. Long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities.No impairment loss was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023.

Segment reportingIn accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, the Group’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) has been identified as the Chief Executive Officer. The Group’s CODM reviews the consolidated results of operations when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group. The Group operates and manages it business as a single segment. No geographical segments are presented as a substantial portion of the Group’s long-lived assets are located in the PRC with the exception of certain laboratory and electronic equipment which are located in the U.S.

Revenue recognitionAt contract inception of collaboration and out-licensing arrangements, the Group analyzes its arrangements to assess whether they are within the scope of ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”) to determine whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities. For collaboration arrangements within the scope of ASC 808 that contain multiple elements, the Group first determines which elements of the collaboration are deemed to be within the scope of ASC 808 and those that are reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and therefore within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). For elements of collaboration arrangements that are accounted for pursuant to ASC 808, an appropriate recognition method is determined and applied consistently. Under the criteria of ASC 606, the Group recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services.The Group adopted ASC 606 for all periods presented. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration, if any; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Group only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect substantially all the consideration to which it is entitled in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. The Group reviews the contract to determine which performance obligations are distinct and represent a promise to provide distinct goods or services or a series of distinct goods or services as defined by the standard. The Group recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to each performance obligation as and when that performance obligation is satisfied.Licenses of Intellectual Property: Upfront non-refundable payments for licensing the Group’s intellectual property are evaluated to determine if the license is distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement. For licenses determined to be distinct, the Group recognizes revenues from non-refundable, up-front fees allocated to the license at a point in time, when the transfer of control of the license to the licensee occurs and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license. For licenses determined not to be distinct, the Group accounts for the promise to grant a license and those other promised goods or services together as a single performance obligation when recognizing revenue.Research and Development Services: The portion of a transaction price allocated to research and development services performance obligations is deferred and recognized as collaboration revenue over time as delivery or performance of such services occurs.Milestone Payments: At the inception of each arrangement that includes development, commercialization, and regulatory milestone payments, the Group evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and to the extent that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would not occur in future periods, estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. The transaction price is then allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for which the Group recognizes revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Group re-evaluates the probability of achieving such development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjust the estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.Royalties: For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Group recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).Contract assets and contract liabilitiesWhen a customer pays consideration before the Group transfers products or services, the Group records its obligation as a contract liability; When the Group satisfies its performance obligations by providing products or services to a customer before the customer pays consideration and before payment is due, the Group recognizes its rights to consideration as a contract asset.

Other operating income, netOther operating income, net included a one-time compensation payment from a contract manufacturer in relation to company losses for a preclinical-related outsourcing arrangement.

Research and development expensesElements of research and development expenses primarily include (1) payroll and other related costs of personnel engaged in research and development activities, (2) costs related to pre-clinical testing of the Group’s technologies under development and clinical trials such as payments to contract research organizations (“CRO”) and contract manufacturing organizations (“CMO”), investigators and clinical trial sites that conduct the clinical studies; (3) costs to develop the product candidates, including raw materials and supplies, product testing, depreciation and amortization, and facility related expenses, and (4) other research and development expenses. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred when the related research and development services are provided to the Group and the resulting assets, if any, have no alternative future uses. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group had several ongoing clinical studies in various clinical trial stages. The contracts with CRO and CMO are generally cancellable, with notice, at the Group’s option. The Group did not record any accrued expenses related to cancellation of CRO or CMO contracts as of December 31, 2022 or 2023 as the Group did not have any plan to cancel the existing CRO or CMO contracts.

Government subsidiesGovernment subsidies primarily consist of financial subsidies received from provincial and local governments for operating a business in their jurisdictions and compliance with specific policies promoted by the governments. The Group’s PRC based subsidiary received government subsidies from certain local government. The Group’s government subsidies consist of specific subsidies and other subsidies. Specific subsidies are subsidies that the local government has set certain conditions for the subsidies. Other subsidies are the subsidies that the local government has not set any conditions and are not tied to future trends or performance of the Group, receipt of such subsidy income is not contingent upon any further actions or performance of the Group and the amounts do not have to be refunded under any circumstances. These specific subsidies are recorded as other non-current liabilities upon receipt and are recognized as other income when the conditions are met. Other subsidies are recognized as other income upon receipt as further performance by the Group is not required. In addition, the Group’s Australian subsidiary received research and development tax incentive from the Australian Taxation Office in 2021, 2022 and 2023. The tax incentive was recognized as other income upon receipt as the incentive was not dependent upon having a tax liability and further performance by the Group was not required.Government subsidies of US$1.4 million, US$2.1 million and US$1.5 million were received and recognized as other income during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively. 1400000 2100000 1500000

LeasesIn accordance with ASC 842 adopted on January 1, 2022, the Group determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. Lease liabilities that become due within one year of the balance sheet date are classified as current liabilities. The Group does not have any finance leases since the adoption date.ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are calculated as the present value of the lease payments not yet paid. As the rate implicit in the Group’s leases is not typically readily available, the Group uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. This incremental borrowing rate reflects the fixed rate at which the Group could borrow the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term, in a similar economic environment. ROU assets include any lease prepayments and are reduced by lease incentives. Operating lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Lease terms are based on the non-cancelable term of the lease and may contain options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Group will exercise that option.The Group has elected to adopt the following lease policies in conjunction with the adoption of ASU 2016-02: (i) elect for each lease not to separate non-lease components from lease components and instead to account for each separate lease component and the non-lease components associated with that lease component as a single lease component; (ii) for leases that have lease terms of 12 months or less and does not include a purchase option that is reasonably certain to exercise, the Group elected not to apply ASC 842 recognition requirements; and (iii) the Group elected to apply the package of practical expedients for existing arrangements entered into prior to January 1, 2022 to not reassess (a) whether an arrangement is or contains a lease, (b) the lease classification.

Comprehensive income (loss)Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the changes in equity of the Group during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances excluding transactions resulting from investments by shareholders and distributions to shareholders. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) of the Group includes foreign currency translation adjustments related to the Group and its subsidiaries whose functional currency is not US$.

Income taxesThe Group follows the liability method of accounting for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will be in effect in the period in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Group records a valuation allowance to offset deferred tax assets if based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rate is recognized in tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date of the change in tax rate.The Group evaluates its uncertain tax positions using the provisions of ASC 740, which prescribes a recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the consolidated financial statements.The Group recognizes in the consolidated financial statements the benefit of a tax position which is “more likely than not” to be sustained under examination based solely on the technical merits of the position assuming a review by tax authorities having all relevant information. Tax positions that meet the recognition threshold are measured using a cumulative probability approach, at the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement. It is the Group’s policy to recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, as a component of income tax expense.

BorrowingsBorrowings are recognized initially at fair value, net of transaction costs incurred. Borrowings are subsequently stated at amortized cost; any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption value is recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method.

Share-based compensationThe Company grants restricted shares and stock options to eligible employees and nonemployees and accounts for share-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation.Share-based compensation awards are measured at the grant date fair value of the awards and recognized as expenses (a) immediately at the grant date if no vesting conditions are required; (b) for share-based awards granted with only service conditions, using the straight-line method over the vesting period; or (c) for share-based awards granted with service conditions and performance conditions, using the graded vesting method over the vesting period if and when the Company concludes that it is probable that the performance conditions will be achieved.A change in any of the terms or conditions of share-based awards is accounted for as a modification of the awards. The Group calculates incremental compensation expense of a modification as the excess of the fair value of the modified awards over the fair value of the original awards immediately before its terms are modified at the modification date. For vested awards, the Group recognizes incremental compensation cost in the period when the modification occurs. For awards not being fully vested, the Group recognizes the sum of the incremental compensation expense and the remaining unrecognized compensation expense for the original awards over the remaining requisite service period after modification.

Net loss per shareIn accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of unrestricted ordinary shares outstanding during the year using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, net loss is allocated between ordinary shares and other participating securities based on dividends declared (or accumulated) and participating rights in undistributed earnings as if all the earnings for the reporting period had been distributed. Diluted net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders, as adjusted for the effect of dilutive ordinary equivalent shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the period. Ordinary equivalent shares include ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of share options, using the treasury stock method. Ordinary share equivalents are excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share if their effects are anti-dilutive. For the periods presented herein, the computation of basic net loss per share using the two-class method is not applicable as the Group does not have participating securities that have contractual rights and obligations to share in the losses of the Group.

Employee defined contribution planAs stipulated by the regulations of the PRC, full-time employees of the Group are entitled to staff welfare benefits including medical care, welfare subsidies, unemployment insurance and pension benefits through a PRC government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan. The Group is required to accrue for these benefits based on certain percentages of the qualified employees’ salaries. The Group is required to make contributions to the plans out of the amounts accrued. The PRC government is responsible for the medical benefits and the pension liability to be paid to these employees and the Group’s obligations are limited to the amounts contributed. The Group has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The Group recorded employee benefit expenses of US$2,223,493, US$2,984,251 and US$2,584,392 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

2223493

2984251

2584392

Concentration of risksConcentration of credit riskAs of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the amount of cash and cash equivalents of US$8,617,157 and US$6,538,253 respectively, were held at major financial institutions located in Mainland China, and US$135,141,521 and US$103,396,004,respectively, were deposited with major financial institutions located outside of Mainland China. Management believes that these financial institutions are of high credit quality and continually monitors the credit worthiness of these financial institutions.Accounts receivable, if any, is typically unsecured and denominated in US$ and/or RMB and is derived from revenues earned from customers. The Group manages credit risk of accounts receivable through ongoing monitoring of the outstanding balances.Concentration of suppliersFor the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, a significant portion of the Group’s research and development services were purchased from one supplier group, who collectively accounted for 18.5%, and 34.1% of the Group’s total research and development services purchases, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2023, there were no suppliers who collectively accounted for more than 10% of the Group’s total research and development services.Business and economic riskThe Group believes that changes in any of the following areas could have a material adverse effect on the Group’s future consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows: changes in the overall demand for services; competitive pressures due to new entrants; advances and new trends in new technologies and industry standards; changes in certain strategic relationships; regulatory considerations and risks associated with the Group’s ability to attract employees necessary to support its growth. The Group’s operations could also be adversely affected by significant political, regulatory, economic and social uncertainties in the PRC.Foreign currency exchange rate riskA significant portion of the Group’s businesses are transacted in RMB, which is not a freely convertible currency. On January 1, 1994, the PRC government abolished the dual rate system and introduced a single rate of exchange as quoted daily by the PBOC. However, the unification of the exchange rates does not imply that the RMB may be readily convertible into US$ or other foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions continue to take place either through the PBOC or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rates quoted by the PBOC. Approval of foreign currency payments by the PBOC or other institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices, shipping documents and signed contracts.From July 21, 2005, the RMB is permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. For U.S. dollar against RMB, there was appreciation of approximately 9.24% in the year ended December 31, 2022 and appreciation of approximately 1.70% in the year ended December 31, 2023, respectively. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future.The functional currency and the reporting currency of the Company are the US$. However, the Group incurs portions of our expenses, and derives revenues, in currencies other than US$, in particular, the RMB. Any significant fluctuation of the valuation of RMB may materially affect the Group’s cash flows, expenses, losses and financial position, and the value of any dividends payable on the American Depositary Shares in US$.

8617157

6538253

135141521

103396004

1 1

0.185

0.341

0.10

0.0924 0.0170

Recently issued accounting pronouncementsThe Group is an emerging growth company (“EGC”) as defined by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”). The JOBS Act provides that an EGC can take advantage of extended transition periods for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an EGC to delay adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. The Group elected to take advantage of the extended transition periods. However, this election will not apply should the Group cease to be classified as an EGC.New and amended standards adopted by the GroupIn June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 is intended to improve financial reporting by requiring timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. This ASU requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. This ASU requires enhanced disclosures to help investors and other financial statement users better understand significant estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses, as well as the credit quality and underwriting standards of the Group’s portfolio. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. In November 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10, which extends the adoption date for certain registrants. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 for the Group. The Group has adopted ASU 2016-13 and the impact of this adoption was assessed to be not material.New and amended standards not yet adopted by the GroupIn August 2020, FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, which simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments by removing certain separation models in Subtopic 470-20, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options, for convertible instruments and also increases information transparency by making disclosure amendments. The standard is effective for private companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Group has evaluated the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and assessed the impact of the adoption to be immaterial.In November 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280), Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which improves the disclosures about a public entity’s reportable segments and address requests from investors for additional, more detailed information about a reportable segment’s expenses. The standard shall be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023. The Group has evaluated the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and assessed the impact of the adoption to be immaterial.In December 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which enhances the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The standard is effective for public entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. For entities other than public business entities, the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. The standard allows the amendments to be applied the standard on a prospective basis or a retrospective basis. The Group has evaluated the impact of this accounting standard update on its consolidated financial statements and assessed the impact of the adoption to be immaterial.

3. PREPAYMENTS AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETSPrepayments and other current assets consisted of the following:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:20.01%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31, </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Prepayments</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,161,910</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 591,383</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Deposits (a)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,970,421</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,790,637</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Others </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 804,992</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 905,425</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4,937,323</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.46%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.77%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,287,445</td></tr></table><div style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;min-height:1.19em;position:relative;width:100%;"><div style="background-color:#000000;height:1pt;position:relative;top:0.6em;width:25.0%;border:none;margin:0 auto 0 0;"></div></div>Note (a): The deposits represented the amounts that the Group paid to its CRO vendors for various outsourced research and development programs according to the terms of respective CRO agreements. The Group expects to recover the deposits if the programs fail or the agreements are cancelled.

1161910

591383

2970421

1790637

804992

905425

4937323

3287445

4. PROPERTY, EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE, NETProperty, equipment and software consisted of the following:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:20.46%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31, </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Machinery and laboratory equipment</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5,293,386</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5,201,479</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Leasehold improvements</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,055,271</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,037,675</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Electronic equipment</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,863,963</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,818,352</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Furniture and tools</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 29,684</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 42,821</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Vehicles</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 80,266</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 78,928</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Software</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 369,698</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 363,943</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total property, equipment and software</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8,692,268</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8,543,198</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (5,909,305)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (6,708,077)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:77.29%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Net book value</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,782,963</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.24%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.11%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,835,121</td></tr></table>Depreciation and amortization expenses recognized for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 were US$1,125,032, US$1,145,995 and US$980,053 respectively.

5293386

5201479

1055271

1037675

1863963

1818352

29684

42821

80266

78928

369698

363943

8692268

8543198

5909305

6708077

2782963

1835121

1125032

1145995

980053

5. ACCRUALS AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIESAccrued liabilities and other current liabilities consisted of the following:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:21.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31, </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Professional service fees</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,647,490</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,194,199</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Payroll and related liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,104,365</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,177,301</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Other taxes and surcharge</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 349,039</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 510,259</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Others</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 111,915</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 119,749</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,212,809</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,001,508</td></tr></table> <table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:21.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31, </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Professional service fees</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,647,490</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,194,199</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Payroll and related liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,104,365</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,177,301</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Other taxes and surcharge</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 349,039</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 510,259</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Others</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 111,915</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 119,749</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,212,809</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,001,508</td></tr></table>

1647490

1194199

1104365

1177301

349039

510259

111915

119749

3212809 3001508

6. BORROWINGS<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:21.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31, </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Current</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Short-term borrowings:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Bank loans</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 10,768,745</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4,235,673</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Current portion of long-term borrowings</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,850,128</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4,161,549</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total current borrowings</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 13,618,873</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8,397,222</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Non-Current</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Long-term borrowings:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Bank loans</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 14,146,541</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 13,540,034</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total non-current borrowings</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 14,146,541</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 13,540,034</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total borrowings</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 27,765,414</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 21,937,256</td></tr></table>Short-term borrowingsIn June 2020, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB10,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,532,591) from Agricultural Bank of China Limited for a term of one year at the interest rate of 4.2% per annum. The borrowing was repaid in June 2021.In September 2020, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB5,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$766,295) from Bank of Ningbo Co., Ltd. for a term of one year at the interest rate of 4.2% per annum. The borrowing was repaid in September 2021.In November 2020, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB5,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$770,962) from China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd. for a term of one year at the interest rate of 4.1% per annum. The borrowing was repaid in November 2021.In November 2020, the Group borrowed another loan with the amount of RMB5,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$770,962) from China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd. for a term of one year at the interest rate of 4.1% per annum. The borrowing was also repaid in November 2021.In June 2021, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB9,900,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,552,771) from Agricultural Bank of China Limited for a term of one year at the interest rate of 4.05% per annum. The borrowing was repaid in May 2022.In August 2021, the Group borrowed another loan with the amount of RMB10,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,568,455) from Agricultural Bank of China Limited for a term of one year at the interest rate of 4.05% per annum. The borrowing was repaid in August 2022.In March 2022, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB9,900,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,421,474) from China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd. for a term of one year at the interest rate of 3.90% per annum. The borrowing was repaid in March 2023.In April 2022, the Group borrowed another loan with the amount of RMB20,100,000 (equivalent to approximately US$2,886,024) from China Merchants Bank Co., Ltd. for a term of one year at the interest rate of 3.70% per annum. The borrowing was repaid in April 2023.In July 2022, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB20,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$2,871,665) from Bank of Jiangsu Co., Ltd. for a term of one year at the interest rate of 3.70% per annum. The borrowing was repaid in July 2023.In December 2022, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB25,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$3,589,582) from China Construction Bank Corporation for a term of one year at the interest rate of 3.65% per annum. The borrowing was repaid in December 2023.In January 2023, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB10,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,411,891) from Bank of Ningbo Co., Ltd for a term of one year at the interest rate of 3.9% per annum. The borrowing was repaid in January 2024.In March 2023, the Group borrowed another loan with the amount of RMB10,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,411,891) from China Everbright Bank Co., Ltd for a term of one year at the interest rate of 3.8% per annum.In July 2023, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB10,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,411,891) from Bank of Ningbo Co., Ltd for a term of one year at the interest rate of 3.85% per annum.Long-term borrowingsIn February 2019, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB7,500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,076,874) from Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd. for a term of three years at the interest rate of 5.46% per annum. The Group repaid RMB375,000 (equivalent to approximately US$53,844) in 2019, RMB1,250,000 (equivalent to approximately US$179,479) in 2020, RMB3,375,000 (equivalent to approximately US$484,594) in 2021 and RMB2,500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$358,958) in 2022. As of December 31, 2021, RMB2,500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$358,958) repayable within twelve months for this agreement was classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets. The loan was fully repaid in February 2022.In June 2019, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB6,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$861,500) from Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd. for a term of three years at the interest rate of 5.23% per annum. The Group repaid RMB300,000 (equivalent to approximately US$43,075) in 2019, RMB1,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$143,583) in 2020, RMB2,700,000 (equivalent to approximately US$387,675) in 2021, and RMB2,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$287,167) in 2022. As of December 31, 2021, RMB2,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$287,167) repayable within twelve months for this agreement was classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets. The loan was fully repaid in June 2022.In September 2020, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB16,500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$2,329,620) from Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd. for a term of three years at the interest rate of 4.27% per annum. The Group repaid RMB1,650,000 (equivalent to approximately US$232,962) in 2021,RMB3,850,000 (equivalent to approximately US$543,578) in 2022 and RMB11,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,553,080) in 2023. As of December 31, 2022, RMB11,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,553,080) repayable within twelve months for this agreement was classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets. The loan was fully repaid in September 2023.In September 2021, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB8,500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,200,107) from Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd. for a term of three years at the interest rate of 4.05% per annum. The Group repaid RMB425,000 (equivalent to approximately US$60,005) in 2022 and RMB850,000 (equivalent to approximately US$120,011) in 2023. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, RMB850,000 (equivalent to approximately US$120,011) and RMB7,225,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,020,092) repayable within twelve months for this agreement were classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets, respectively.In May 2022, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB30,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$4,235,673) from Agricultural Bank of China Limited for a term of three years at the interest rate of 4.00% per annum. The Group repaid RMB3,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$423,567) in 2023. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, RMB3,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$423,567) and RMB5,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$705,945) repayable within twelve months for this agreement was classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets, respectively.Also in May 2022, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB20,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$2,823,782) from Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd. for a term of three years at the interest rate of 4.00% per annum. The Group repaid RMB500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$70,595) in 2022 and RMB1,500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$211,784) in 2023. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, RMB1,500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$211,784) and RMB9,500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,341,297) repayable within twelve months for this agreement was classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets, respectively.In August 2022, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB9,900,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,397,772) from Agricultural Bank of China Limited for a term of three years at the interest rate of 4.00% per annum. The Group repaid RMB1,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$141,189) in 2023. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, RMB1,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$141,189) and RMB2,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$282,378) repayable within twelve months for this agreement was classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets, respectively.Also in August 2022, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB20,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$2,823,782) from Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd. for a term of three years at the interest rate of 4.00% per annum. The Group repaid RMB1,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$141,189) in 2023. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, RMB1,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$141,189) and RMB2,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$282,378) repayable within twelve months for this agreement was classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets, respectively.In November 2022, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB9,900,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,397,772) from Agricultural Bank of China Limited for a term of three years at the interest rate of 4.00% per annum. The Group repaid RMB1,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$141,189) in 2023. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, RMB1,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$141,189) and RMB2,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$282,378) repayable within twelve months for this agreement was classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets, respectively.Also in November 2022, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB10,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,411,891) from Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd. for a term of three years at the interest rate of 4.00% per annum. The Group repaid RMB500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$70,595) during in 2023. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, RMB500,000 (equivalent to approximately US$70,595) and RMB1,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$141,189) repayable within twelve months for this agreement was classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets.In April 2023, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB7,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$988,324) from Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Co., Ltd. for a term of three years at the interest rate of 3.90% per annum. The Group repaid RMB150,000 (equivalent to approximately US$21,178) in 2023. As of December 31, 2023, RMB550,000 (equivalent to approximately US$77,654) repayable within twelve months for this agreement was classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets.In August 2023, the Group borrowed a loan with the amount of RMB10,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,411,891) from Bank of Jiangsu Co., Ltd. for a term of eighteen months at the interest rate of 3.80% per annum. As of December 31, 2023, RMB100,000 (equivalent to approximately US$14,119) repayable within twelve months for this agreement was classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets.In September 2023, the Group borrowed another loan with the amount of RMB10,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,411,891) from Bank of Jiangsu Co., Ltd. for a term of eighteen months at the interest rate of 3.80% per annum. As of December 31, 2023, RMB100,000 (equivalent to approximately US$14,119) repayable within twelve months for this agreement was classified as “Current portion of long-term borrowing” on the consolidated balance sheets.The proceeds from the loans were primarily used to pay for the Group’s research and development activities in China, including CMC costs of clinical and preclinical programs. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, none of the Group’s borrowings were collateralized in the respective loan agreements.Future maturities of short-term borrowings and long-term borrowingsFuture principal maturities of short-term borrowings and long-term borrowings as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2024</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8,397,222</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2025</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 13,116,467</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2026</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 423,567</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:82.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 21,937,256</td></tr></table>

10768745

4235673

2850128

4161549

13618873

8397222

14146541

13540034

14146541

13540034

27765414

21937256

10000000

1532591

P1Y

0.042

5000000

766295

P1Y

0.042

5000000

770962

P1Y

0.041

5000000

770962

P1Y

0.041

9900000

1552771

P1Y

0.0405

10000000

1568455

P1Y

0.0405

9900000

1421474

P1Y

0.0390

20100000

2886024

P1Y

0.0370

20000000

2871665

P1Y

0.0370

25000000

3589582

P1Y

0.0365

10000000

1411891

P1Y

0.039

10000000

1411891

P1Y

0.038

10000000

1411891

P1Y

0.0385

7500000

1076874

P3Y

0.0546

375000

53844

1250000

179479

3375000

484594

2500000

358958

2500000

358958

6000000

861500

P3Y

0.0523

300000

43075

1000000

143583

2700000

387675

2000000

287167

2000000

287167

16500000

2329620

P3Y

0.0427

1650000

232962

3850000

543578

11000000

1553080

11000000

1553080

8500000

1200107

P3Y

0.0405

425000

60005

850000

120011

850000

120011

7225000

1020092

30000000

4235673

P3Y

0.0400

3000000

423567

3000000

423567

5000000

705945

20000000

2823782

P3Y

0.0400

500000

70595

1500000

211784

1500000

211784

9500000

1341297

9900000

1397772

P3Y

0.0400

1000000

141189

1000000

141189

2000000

282378

20000000

2823782

P3Y

0.0400

1000000

141189

1000000

141189

2000000

282378

9900000

1397772

P3Y

0.0400

1000000

141189

1000000

141189

2000000

282378

10000000

1411891

P3Y

0.0400

500000

70595

500000

70595

1000000

141189

7000000

988324

P3Y

0.0390

150000

21178

550000

77654

10000000

1411891

P18M

0.0380

100000

14119

10000000

1411891

P18M

0.0380

100000

14119

Future principal maturities of short-term borrowings and long-term borrowings as of December 31, 2023 were as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2024</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8,397,222</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2025</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 13,116,467</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:82.53%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2026</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 423,567</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:82.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.62%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:14.84%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 21,937,256</td></tr></table>

8397222

13116467

423567

21937256

7. CONVERTIBLE REDEEMABLE PREFERRED SHARESFrom November 2011 to December 2019, the Company issued various series of convertible redeemable preferred shares (collectively the “Preferred Shares”) to certain investors. Upon completion of the IPO on February 11, 2021, each of the then outstanding Preferred Shares was automatically converted into one ordinary share. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, there were no Preferred Shares issued or outstanding.Prior to the IPO, the Company concluded that the Preferred Shares were not redeemable, but were probable to become redeemable. The Company accreted changes in the redemption value over the period from the date of issuance to the IPO date for the year ended December 31, 2021, using the interest method.The Company had no Preferred Share activities for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023. The Company’s Preferred Share activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 were summarized below:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:34.17%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:34.17%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Preferred Shares</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Series A-1</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Series A-2</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Series B</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Series C-1</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Series C-2</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Series C-3</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.76%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:34.17%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$ </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:34.17%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Balance as of December 31, 2020</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5,473,957</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,000,000</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 27,999,995</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 48,975,456</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 18,999,999</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 50,000,000</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 154,449,407</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:34.17%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Accretion of Series C-1 Preferred Shares to redemption value</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 28,553</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 28,553</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:34.17%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Conversion of Preferred Shares to Ordinary Shares </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (5,473,957)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (3,000,000)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (27,999,995)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (49,004,009)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (18,999,999)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (50,000,000)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.76%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (154,477,960)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:34.17%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Balance as of December 31, 2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.28%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.02%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.76%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr></table>

5473957

3000000

27999995

48975456

18999999

50000000

154449407

28553

5473957

3000000

27999995

49004009

18999999

50000000

154477960

8. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATIONOn November 7, 2015, the Company adopted a share incentive plan (the “2015 Plan”). Under the 2015 Plan, the Company’s Board of Directors has approved that a maximum aggregate number of shares that may be issued pursuant to all awards granted shall be 4,336,126. In September 2017, the Company replaced the 2015 Plan with the amended and restated share incentive plan (the “2017 Plan”) and increased the maximum number of shares issuable to 6,336,126. In December 2019, the Company replaced the 2017 Plan with the second amended and restated share incentive plan (the “2019 Plan”) and further increased the maximum number of shares issuable to 11,391,131. The terms of the 2015 Plan, 2017 Plan and 2019 Plan are substantially the same other than the maximum aggregate number of shares the Company may issue under the respective plan.Share options containing only service conditions granted to each grantee under the share incentive plan will generally be exercisable upon the grantee renders service to the Company in accordance with a stipulated vesting schedule. Grantees are generally subject to a vesting schedule of no longer than five years, under which the grantee earns an entitlement to vest a certain percentage of his option grants at the end of each month or year of completed service. The share option awards shall expire no more than 10 years from their grant dates.Share options containing both service conditions and performance conditions granted to each grantee under the share incentive plan shall become eligible for vesting upon the occurrence of their applicable performance conditions (including but not limited to the occurrence of an IPO, the completion of business and operational goals, etc.).On November 9, 2020, the Company passed a board resolution to waive the vesting schedules and conditions of 2,375,000 share options granted to certain management members. Pursuant to this board resolution, these management members exercised all related share options at the original exercise price per share ranging from US$1.83 to US$2.26. As a result, 2,375,000 ordinary shares were issued to these management members. These management members paid the exercise price by issuing recourse promissory notes in the total amount of US$5,197,650. The Company had the repurchase right to buy back such shares at the original exercise price if the grantees did not meet the original vesting conditions. The Company assessed and considered that given such arrangement allows the shares received on exercise be returned to the Company if the original vesting conditions are not satisfied, there has been no substantial change to the vesting conditions and the Company shall continue to account for the share awards in accordance with their original terms. As of December 31, 2023, there were 325,000 shares unvested according to the original vesting conditions.On January 16, 2021, the Company passed a board resolution whereby certain management members surrendered a total of 491,119 ordinary shares as repayment for their respective promissory notes issued in connection with the exercising of options granted to them. In the meantime, the Company further granted these management members the right to repurchase the surrendered shares by way of new option grants with an exercise price of US$13.85 per share. The fair values of these share options were US$7.85 per option, determined by using the binomial option valuation model. The share-based compensation expense related to these share options were recognized immediately upon grants.Pursuant to the same board resolution, the 2021 Performance Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) was also adopted, under which an aggregate of 2,994,000 ordinary shares shall be reserved for issuance, and the share limit will automatically increase on the first trading day in January of each year (commencing with 2022) by an amount equal to (1) 5% of the total number of the Company’s outstanding ordinary shares on December 31 of the prior year, or (2) such lesser number as determined by the board of directors. From March 12, 2021 to December 22, 2021, pursuant to the 2021 Plan, a total of 1,303,000 share options were granted to certain employees by 15 batches, with exercise price ranging from US$5.92 to US$17.56, respectively. In addition, 23,734 ordinary shares were issued to certain management personnel on March 16, 2021 pursuant to the 2021 Plan.On January 7, 2022, the Company passed a board resolution, pursuant to which the vesting schedules and conditions of 2,060,308 share options granted to certain employees were modified. Share options as to which the applicable performance milestones have been met are no longer subject to the time-based vesting requirement. The share options vested (or to be vested) for each year (commencing from 2021) shall be equal to the lesser of (i) 25% of the total number of share options of each grantee (“Annual Cap”) and (ii) the number of shares as determined by the Compensation Committee based on the extent to which any performance milestones were achieved during that year (“Credited Shares”), plus any Credited Share of earlier years that have not previously vested due to the Annual Cap. In addition, the performance milestones applicable to the share options that remain outstanding were also modified. As a result of the modification, the Company recognized an incremental fair value of US$2,337,697.From February 7, 2022 to December 27, 2022, pursuant to the 2021 Plan, a total of 2,640,598 share options were granted to certain employees, with exercise price ranging from US$0.80 to US$5.60, respectively. In addition, 99,999 ordinary shares were issued to certain management personnel on March 8, 2022 pursuant to the 2021 Plan.From April 12, 2023 to December 27, 2023, pursuant to the 2021 Plan, a total of 3,442,500 share options were granted to certain employees, with exercise price ranging from US$0.94 to US$1.33, respectively. In addition, 425,905 ordinary shares were issued to certain management personnel in January 2023 pursuant to the 2021 Plan. 69,225 ordinary shares were issued to certain employees as stock bonus in April 2023.As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, among all the share options granted to date, 4,776,906 and 4,826,906 share options contained both service conditions and performance conditions, respectively. All other share options granted contain only service conditions.<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Weighted‑</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Average</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Weighted</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Weighted‑</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Grant</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Average</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Average</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Date</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Remaining</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Aggregate</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Number of</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercise</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Fair</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Contractual</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Intrinsic</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Options</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Price</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Value</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Term</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Value</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$ per</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$ per</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">option</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">option</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Years</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2020</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,294,467</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1.75</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.65</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8.78</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 33,410,968</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Granted</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,894,119</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 12.31</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8.39</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercised</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (233,958)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 0.99</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5.13</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Forfeited</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (145,550)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.02</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7.71</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4,809,078</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5.91</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7.38</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8.68</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,619,574</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Granted</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,640,598</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.28</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2.13</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">—</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercised</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (197,975)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2.08</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.95</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">—</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Forfeited</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (964,789)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.75</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7.57</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">—</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6,286,912</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4.80</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5.16</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8.44</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 94,990</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Granted</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,442,500</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1.14</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 0.72</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercised</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (10,000)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 0.55</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5.72</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Forfeited</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (952,530)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4.59</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.45</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2023</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8,766,882</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.39</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.60</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8.24</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,011,843</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2023</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8,766,882</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.39</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.60</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8.24</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,011,843</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercisable at December 31, 2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,070,533</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.35</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.87</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7.62</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 55,880</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercisable at December 31, 2023</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,448,076</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5.79</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.64</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.75</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 207,499</td></tr></table>The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the difference between the exercise price of the awards and the fair value of the underlying ordinary shares at each reporting date, for those awards that had exercise price below the estimated fair value of the relevant ordinary shares.The aggregate fair value of the equity awards vested during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022, and 2023 was US$13,833,856, US$11,929,903 and US$6,742,535, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the total unrecognized employee share based compensation expense was US$16,658,848, all of which may be adjusted for actual forfeitures occurring in the future. Total unrecognized compensation cost will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.64 years as of December 31, 2023.Fair value of share optionsThe fair value of share options was determined using the binomial option valuation model, with the assistance from an independent third-party appraiser. The binomial model requires the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected volatility, the exercise multiple, the risk-free rate and the dividend yield. For expected volatility, the Group has made reference to historical volatility of several comparable companies in the same industry. The exercise multiple was estimated as the average ratio of the stock price to the exercise price of when employees would decide to voluntarily exercise their vested share options. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of the share options is based on the market yield of U.S. Treasury Bonds in effect at the time of grant. The dividend yield is based on the expected dividend policy over the contractual life of the share options.The assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the share options granted were as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:61.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:61.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:37.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">For the years ended</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:61.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:37.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">December 31, </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:61.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:61.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Risk‑free interest rate</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">1.11% - 1.67%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">1.92% - 4.25%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">3.38% - 4.86%</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:61.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Dividend yield</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">0%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">0%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">0%</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:61.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Expected volatility range</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">73.1% - 75.5%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">74.2% - 74.9%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">72.6% - 73.1%</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:61.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercise multiple</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2.2 - 2.8</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2.2 - 2.8</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2.2 - 2.8</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:61.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Contractual life</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">10 years</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">10 years</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.11%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">10 years</td></tr></table>Total share-based compensation expenses recognized for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 were as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:30.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">For the years ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.61%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development expenses</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 13,582,746</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7,227,298</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4,860,548</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.61%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Administrative expenses</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5,096,912</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,292,984</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,411,152</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.61%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total share‑based compensation expenses</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 18,679,658</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 10,520,282</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7,271,700</td></tr></table>

4336126

6336126

11391131

P10Y

2375000

1.83

2.26

2375000

5197650

325000

491119

13.85

7.85

2994000

0.05

1303000

5.92

17.56

23734

2060308

2337697

2640598

0.80

5.60

99999

3442500

0.94

1.33

425905

69225

4776906

4826906

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Weighted‑</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Average</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Weighted</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Weighted‑</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Grant</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Average</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Average</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Date</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Remaining</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Aggregate</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Number of</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercise</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Fair</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Contractual</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Intrinsic</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Options</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Price</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Value</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Term</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Value</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$ per</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$ per</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">option</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">option</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Years</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2020</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,294,467</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1.75</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.65</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8.78</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 33,410,968</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Granted</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,894,119</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 12.31</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8.39</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercised</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (233,958)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 0.99</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5.13</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Forfeited</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (145,550)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.02</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7.71</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4,809,078</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5.91</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7.38</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8.68</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,619,574</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Granted</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,640,598</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.28</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2.13</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">—</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercised</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (197,975)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2.08</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.95</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">—</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Forfeited</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (964,789)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.75</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7.57</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">—</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6,286,912</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4.80</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5.16</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8.44</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 94,990</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Granted</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,442,500</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1.14</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 0.72</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercised</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (10,000)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 0.55</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5.72</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Forfeited</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (952,530)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4.59</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.45</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Outstanding at December 31, 2023</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8,766,882</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.39</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.60</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8.24</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,011,843</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2023</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8,766,882</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.39</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3.60</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8.24</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,011,843</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercisable at December 31, 2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,070,533</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.35</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.87</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7.62</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 55,880</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:52.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Exercisable at December 31, 2023</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,448,076</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.36%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5.79</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.64</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:7.65%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 6.75</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 207,499</td></tr></table>

3294467

1.75

6.65

P8Y9M10D

33410968

1894119

12.31

8.39

233958

0.99

5.13

145550

3.02

7.71

4809078

5.91

7.38

P8Y8M4D

2619574

2640598

3.28

2.13

197975

2.08

6.95

964789

6.75

7.57

6286912

4.80

5.16

P8Y5M8D

94990

3442500

1.14

0.72

10000

0.55

5.72

952530

4.59

3.45

8766882

3.39

3.60

P8Y2M26D

2011843

8766882

3.39

3.60

P8Y2M26D

2011843

2070533

6.35

6.87

P7Y7M13D

55880

2448076

5.79

6.64

P6Y9M

207499

13833856

11929903

6742535

16658848

P1Y7M20D

0.0111

0.0167

0.0192

0.0425

0.0338

0.0486

0.731

0.755

0.742

0.749

0.726

0.731

2.2 2.8 2.2 2.8 2.2 2.8

P10Y

13582746

7227298

4860548

5096912

3292984

2411152

18679658

10520282

7271700

9. COLLABORATION ARRANGEMENTSGuilin Sanjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. License AgreementIn December 2018, the Group entered into (i) a collaboration agreement (the “Sanjin Greater China Agreement”) that covers Greater China with Guilin Sanjin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“Sanjin”) and certain of its subsidiaries (collectively, “Sanjin Parties”) and (ii) a collaboration agreement (the “Sanjin ROW Agreement”, together with the Sanjin Greater China Agreement, the “2018 Sanjin Agreements”) that covers the regions other than Greater China with Sanjin. Pursuant to the Sanjin Greater China Agreement, the Group licensed the Chinese intellectual property directly related to a monospecific antibody molecule that binds to the PD-L1 target (the “PD-L1 Project”), including patent rights, patent application rights and technologies based on the core sequence of the molecule, to Sanjin Parties. Sanjin Parties will own all the Chinese intellectual property developed in the exercise of Sanjin Parties’ rights under the agreement, including but not limited to improvements (including combination products), clinical trials, regulatory filings, and commercialization rights relating thereto. The Group also granted Sanjin Parties a royalty-free license to use our other existing intellectual property and improvements thereto which are related to the PD-L1 Project for the purposes of exploiting its rights and performing its obligations under the agreement. Sanjin Parties will enjoy all the economic benefits deriving from the PD-L1 Project in Greater China, including but not limited to patent transfer fee, licensing fee, sales revenue and sales commission, etc. Sanjin Parties will pay the Group (i) single-digit percentage of net sales of the products that use the licensed antibody after such products enter the market and (ii) a low to mid-low double-digit percentage of the profits resulting from any transfer of the license to any third parties depending on the timing of the transfer relative to the development stage of the product. The Group also received RMB10,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$1,511,168) upfront fee upon the effectiveness of the agreement from Sanjin Parties, which was recognized as revenue in 2018. No revenues related to this agreement has been recognized in any of the years presented in the accompanying financial statements.Pursuant to the Sanjin ROW Agreement, the Group granted Sanjin a royalty-free license to use all intellectual property relating to (i) the collaboration under the agreement that the Group controlled before the Group entered into the agreement or acquired independently of the agreement and (ii) improvements thereto for the purposes of exploiting its rights and performing its obligations under the agreement. Any intellectual property generated independently by a party under the agreement will be solely owned by that party who generated such intellectual property, and any intellectual property generated from cooperation between the Group and Sanjin’s affiliates in connection with the collaboration will be jointly owned. The Group retain the ownership of patent rights of key intellectual property pertaining to PD-L1 outside of the Greater China. In addition, all the results obtained by Sanjin relating to the research and development of any new antibody developed under the agreement will be owned by Sanjin. The Group retain a majority of the economic benefits derived from the Sanjin ROW Agreement, including but not limited to any patent transfer fee, licensing fee and gains realized under such transfer. In case the Group intend to transfer to a third party our share of economic interests in any country outside of Greater China, the Group must notify Sanjin and Sanjin will receive a right of first refusal if it pays the Group a deposit equal to a low double-digit percentage of the consideration that the Group expect to receive from such third party. If Sanjin waives the right of first refusal, the Group can proceed with the transfer, provided that the final transaction price with the third party is not lower than the amount of the offering price that was included in the Group’s notice to Sanjin.The Group agreed not to (i) independently develop any monospecific antibodies that bind to the PD-L1 target or (ii) grant any rights associated with such antibodies to any third parties during the three-year period from the effective date of the agreement. The exclusivity obligation does not prevent the Group from (i) developing or granting any licenses to third parties for intellectual property that covers bispecific antibodies, ADCs, diagnostic antibodies, nano-particles and masked antibody against PD-L1 target and (ii) continuing to provide antibody screening service that were commenced before the execution of the Sanjin Greater China Agreement and either party has the independent right to conduct combination therapy studies outside of the Greater China. Either non-breaching party may terminate the 2018 Sanjin Agreements if the other party’s ability to comply with its respective obligations under the agreements is negatively affected by contingencies such as failure to maintain operation or changes in core project management and the other party fails to take effective remedial measures. Each agreement automatically terminates upon the termination of the other agreement. Upon the rescission or termination, Sanjin Parties will return to the Group all the intellectual property, documents and data provided by the Group under the 2018 Sanjin Agreements.In the event that the failure of the development of the product candidate solely arises from the Group’s research and development basis specified under this agreement, Sanjin has the right to claim back all the payment made to the Group. The Group considers the possibility of occurrence of such event is remote.Dragon Boat Biopharmaceutical (Shanghai) Limited License AgreementIn May 2019, the Group entered into (i) a collaboration agreement that covers Greater China (the “Dragon Boat Greater China Agreement”) and (ii) a collaboration agreement that covers the regions other than Greater China (the “Dragon Boat ROW Agreement,” together with the Dragon Boat Greater China Agreement, the “2019 Dragon Boat Agreements”), with Dragon Boat Biopharmaceutical (Shanghai) Limited (“Dragon Boat”), a subsidiary of Sanjin. Pursuant to the Dragon Boat Greater China Agreement, the Group will license the Chinese intellectual property directly related to a certain monospecific antibody molecule that binds to a specified target (the “Specified Project”), including the patent rights, patent application rights and technologies based on the core sequence of the molecule, to Dragon Boat. Dragon Boat will own all the Chinese intellectual property developed in the exercise of Dragon Boat’s rights under the agreement, including but not limited to improvements (including combination products), clinical trials, regulatory filings, and commercialization rights relating thereto. The Group also granted Dragon Boat a royalty-free license to use our other existing intellectual property and improvements thereto which are related to the Specified Project for the purposes of exploiting its rights and performing its obligations under the agreement. Dragon Boat will enjoy all the economic benefits deriving from the Specified Project in Greater China, including but not limited to patent transfer fee, licensing fee, sales revenue and sales commission, etc. and will pay the Group (i) certain high-six figure dollar milestone payments upon the achievement of certain milestones (including milestones of launch of pre-clinical safety evaluation animal test, obtaining Investigational New Drug (“IND”) approval in PRC and completion of clinical phase I test in PRC) and (ii) a single-digit percentage of net sales of the products that use the licensed antibody after such products enter the market.Pursuant to the Dragon Boat ROW Agreement, the Group granted Dragon Boat a royalty-free license to use all intellectual property relating to (i) the collaboration under the agreement that the Group controlled before the Group entered into the agreement or acquired independently of the agreement and (ii) improvements thereto for the purposes of exploiting its rights and performing its obligations under the agreement. Any intellectual property generated independently by a party under the agreement will be solely owned by that party who generated such intellectual property, and any intellectual property generated from cooperation between the Group and Dragon Boat in connection with the collaboration will be jointly owned. The Group retain the ownership of patent rights of key intellectual property pertaining to the specified target outside of the Greater China. In addition, all the results obtained by Dragon Boat relating to the research and development of any new antibody developed under the agreement will be owned by Dragon Boat. The Group retains a majority of the economic benefits derived from the Dragon Boat ROW Agreement, including but not limited to any patent transfer fee, licensing fee and gains realized under such transfer. In case the Group intend to transfer to a third party our share of economic interests in any country outside of Greater China, the Group must notify Dragon Boat and Dragon Boat will receive a right of first refusal if it pays the Group a deposit equal to a low double-digit percentage of the consideration that the Group expects to receive from such third party. If Dragon Boat waives the right of first refusal, the Group can proceed with the transfer, provided that the final transaction price with the third party is not lower than the amount of the offering price that was included in our notice to Dragon Boat.Under the 2019 Dragon Boat Agreements, the Group agreed not to (i) independently develop any monospecific antibodies that bind to the specified target or (ii) grant any rights associated with such antibodies to any third parties during the three-year period from the effective date of the agreements. The exclusivity obligation does not prevent the Group from (i) developing or granting any licenses to third parties for intellectual property that covers bispecific antibodies, ADCs, diagnostic antibodies, nano-particles and masked antibody against the specific target and (ii) continuing to provide antibody screening service that were commenced before the execution of the Dragon Boat Greater China Agreement and either party has the independent right to conduct combination therapy studies outside of the Greater China. Either nonbreaching party may terminate the 2019 Dragon Boat Agreements if the other party’s ability to comply with its obligations under the agreements is negatively affected by contingencies such as failure to maintain operation or changes in core project management and the other party fails to take effective remedial measures. Each agreement automatically terminates upon the termination of the other agreement. Upon the rescission or termination, Dragon Boat will return to the Group all the intellectual property, documents and data provided by the Group under the 2019 Dragon Boat Agreements.In the event that the failure of the development of the product candidate solely arises from the Group’s research and development basis specified under this agreement, Dragon Boat has the right to claim back all the payment made to the Group. The risk of failure is considered remote upon recognition of revenue.Upfront fee of RMB4,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$620,011) received in 2019, and milestone fee of RMB4,000,000 (equivalent to approximately US$620,011) received in 2021 were recognized as licensing revenue in 2021 as the performance obligation was satisfied by the Group and certain milestone events were achieved.No additional revenue was recognized for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023.ADC Therapeutics SA License and Collaboration AgreementsIn April 2019, the Group entered into a material transfer and collaboration agreement (the “ADCT Collaboration Agreement”) and a license agreement (the “ADCT License Agreement”) with ADC Therapeutics SA (“ADC Therapeutics”). These two agreements are combined as a single contract as the agreements were negotiated as a package with a single commercial objective.Under the ADCT Collaboration Agreement, the Group is eligible to receive up to a low-seven-figure dollar amount in consideration for the Group’s exclusivity obligations, upon achievement of certain development milestones (including milestones of delivery of certain amino acid sequences and successful outcome of the first in-vivo study) and upon ADC Therapeutics’ election to proceed with development for the two elected targets. Apart from performance obligation to deliver the amino acid sequences of the corresponding masking peptides, the Group is not required to perform any additional research and development services. The Group also granted ADC Therapeutics an exclusive target reservation right for one year from the commencement of the agreement and an option to renewal for another year with a consideration of low-six-figure dollar amount.Subject to the exercise of the options contained in the ADCT Collaboration Agreement, the Group has granted ADC Therapeutics, with respect to each elected target, an exclusive, worldwide, perpetual and irrevocable (subject only to the termination provisions) license (with the right to grant sublicenses) to develop, make, use, commercialize and import the antibody drug conjugates that comprise masked antibodies generated by the Group under these programs.The ADCT Collaboration Agreement has expired in 2023, and ADC Therapeutics elected not to exercise its options for the ADCT License Agreement.Prior to December 31, 2021, the Group recognized US$225,000 of licensing revenue upon delivery of the research results, and US$100,000 as other income due to the expiration of exclusive target reservation right, which is not related to the Group’s major operation activity.For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group recognized US$225,000 of licensing revenue upon delivery of additional research results.For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group did not recognize additional revenue associated with the agreements.ADCT Material Transfer and Option AgreementIn August 2022, the Group entered into a material transfer and option agreement (the “ADCT Material Transfer and Option Agreement”) with ADCT. Under the agreement, Adagene agreed to provide antibodies or antibody sequences to ADCT to conduct further development for a non-refundable fee of US$300,000. ADCT has an exclusive option to negotiate a separate license agreement with the Group, however, there is no requirement for either party to enter into such a license agreement.For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group recognized revenue of US$300,000 upon delivery of the sequences.ADCT has not exercised the option to negotiate a separate license agreement. No additional revenue was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2023.Exelixis, Inc. AgreementsIn February 2021, the Group entered into a collaboration and license agreement (the “Exelixis Agreement”) with Exelixis, Inc. (“Exelixis”), pursuant to which the Group agreed to generate masked antibodies with its SAFEbody technology against an initial target selected and a second target to be selected by Exelixis. The Group will generate masked antibodies in the form of alternative compounds in accordance with the program plan for each target at its own cost and deliver the related data packages to Exelixis. Exelixis will select lead compounds (the “Lead Compounds”) to further develop, obtain regulatory approval and commercialize product(s) for each target (the “Products under the Exelixis Agreement”). Under the Exelixis Agreement, the Group will also grant Exelixis an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable license (the “Adagene License”) upon delivery of the data package to research, develop, make, have made, sell, offer for sale, import and commercialize products containing the masked antibodies to be generated by the Group with respect to both targets. Exelixis will own the inventions relating to the Lead Compounds arising in connection with the Exelixis Agreement.The Exelixis Agreement will remain effective until the expiration of the defined royalty terms of the Products under the Exelixis Agreement, unless terminated by either party. Exelixis may terminate the Exelixis Agreement for any or no reason, in its entirety or on a target-by-target basis. Any payment received by the Group before the termination shall be non-refundable. Under the Exelixis Agreement, Exelixis agreed to pay the Group an upfront non-refundable fee of US$11,000,000. For each target, the Group will be eligible to receive up to US$127,500,000 of milestone payments conditioned upon achieving certain development and regulatory approval milestones, and up to $262,500,000 of sales-based milestone payments. In addition, the Group is also entitled to royalties of mid-single-digit percentage in respect of the aggregate annual net sales of the products developed under the Exelixis Agreement worldwide, subject to certain reductions. In April 2022, the Group entered in a letter agreement (the “Exelixis Letter Agreement”) in reference to the Exelixis Agreement with Exelixis for expanded collaboration in SAFEbody discovery. Under the Exelixis Letter Agreement, the Group will generate additional masked antibodies against the target selected by Exelixis per the Exelixis Agreement. Exelixis agreed to pay the Group an additional upfront non-refundable fee of US$1,100,000.The Group determined that generating masked antibodies with its SAFEbody technology is reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and therefore within the scope of ASC 606. Under the Exelixis Agreement, the delivery of data packages for each target, along with the Adagene License used to develop the related compounds, represents one performance obligation, as they are not distinct from each other. Transaction price is allocated to each one of the two performance obligations using the relative standalone selling price method. The Group records revenue at a point in time, when the data packages for each target were delivered to Exelixis. Considering that the development, regulatory and sales-based milestone payments and the royalties are constrained, the transaction price shall initially only include upfront payment and the milestone payments that are considered probable. Subsequently, once the uncertainty associated with the milestone payments is resolved, the milestone payments shall be included in the total transaction price when it is no longer probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would occur in future periods. The sales-based royalty and sales-based milestones promised in exchange for the Adagene License granted are recognized when (or as) the later of (1) the subsequent sale or usage occurs, or (2) the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based royalty or sales-based milestones being allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group received US$11,000,000 upfront payment and recorded accounts receivable of US$3,000,000 milestone payment, which corresponds to the successful nomination of lead SAFEbody candidates for the initial target under the Exelixis Agreement. The milestone payment was subsequently received in January 2022. For the year ended December 31, 2021, US$8,500,000 was recognized as revenue upon delivery of data packages for the initial target and achievement of the milestone event. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group received US$1,100,000 upfront payment under the Exelixis Letter Agreement. No additional revenue was recognized as no relevant performance obligation had been satisfied under either the Exelixis Agreement or the Exelixis Letter Agreement as of December 31, 2022.For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group received US$3,000,000 milestone payment, which corresponds to the successful nomination of lead SAFEbody candidates for the second target under the Exelixis Agreement. A total of US$9,600,000 was recognized as revenue in 2023, which includes a) US$8,500,000 upon delivery of data packages for the second target and achievement of the milestone event for the second target under the Exelixis Agreement including the US$5,500,000 upfront fee and the aforementioned milestone fee of US$3,000,000, and b) US$1,100,000 upon delivery of additional masked antibodies under the Exelixis Letter Agreement.Sanofi Agreement In March 2022, the Group entered into a collaboration and license agreement (the “Sanofi Agreement”) with Genzyme Corporation, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sanofi (“Sanofi”), pursuant to which the Group agreed to perform early-stage research activities to develop masked versions of Sanofi candidate antibodies (each a “Target”, and together, “Targets”), using Adagene’s SAFEbody technology for development and commercialization by Sanofi. Sanofi has the ability to advance two initial Targets in the collaboration, followed by an option for two additional Targets. The Group will generate masked antibodies in the form of customized compounds and complete the compound research activities in accordance with the program plan for each Target at its own cost and deliver the compounds and related data packages to Sanofi. Sanofi is solely responsible for later stage research and all clinical, product development and commercialization activities. Under the Sanofi Agreement, the Group granted Sanofi an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable license to research, develop, use, make, have made, sell, offer for sale, import and commercialize products containing the masked antibodies to be generated by the Group.The Sanofi Agreement will remain effective until the expiration of the defined royalty on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis, unless terminated earlier with cause or by mutual agreements of both parties. Sanofi may terminate the Sanofi Agreement without cause, in its entirety, or on a Target-by-Target or country-by-country basis.Under the Sanofi Agreement, Sanofi agreed to pay the Group an upfront non-refundable fee of US$17,500,000 in consideration of the license granted and the early-stage research activities to generate the compounds. Sanofi is obligated to pay an additional fee if Sanofi exercises the option for additional Targets. For each Target, the Group will be eligible to receive up to US$173,500,000 of milestone payments conditioned upon achieving certain development and regulatory approval milestones, and up to $450,000,000 of sales-based milestone payments. In addition, the Group is also entitled to royalties of mid-single-digit percentage in respect of the aggregate annual net sales of the products developed under the Sanofi Agreement worldwide, subject to certain reductions.The Group then determined that this collaboration is more reflective of a vendor-customer relationship and therefore within the scope of ASC 606. Under the Sanofi Agreement, the performance of early-stage research activities to develop compounds for each Target, along with the grant of the license, represents one performance obligation, as they are not distinct from each other. Transaction price is allocated to each one of the two performance obligations based on the relative standalone selling price. Since the early-stage research activities does not generate an asset for alternative use and the Group has an enforceable right to the upfront payment, the Group records revenue over time using labor hour as the input to assess the satisfaction of the performance obligations. Considering that the development, regulatory and sales-based milestone payments and the royalties are constrained, the transaction price shall initially only include upfront payment and the milestone payments that are considered probable. Subsequently, once the uncertainty associated with the milestone payments is resolved, the milestone payments shall be included in the total transaction price when it is no longer probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue would occur in future periods. The sales-based royalty and sales-based milestones promised in exchange for the license granted are recognized when (or as) the later of (1) the subsequent sale or usage occurs, or (2) the performance obligation to which some or all of the sales-based royalty or sales-based milestones being allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group received US$17,500,000 upfront payment under the Sanofi Agreement. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, US$8,992,724 and US$8,507,276 were recognized as revenue over time using the input method, respectively.

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10. INCOME TAX EXPENSEPRCEffective from January 1, 2008, the PRC’s statutory, Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) rate is 25%. In accordance with the implementation rules of EIT Law, a qualified “Technology Advanced Service Enterprises” (“TASE”) is eligible for a preferential tax rate of 15%. The TASE certificate is effective for three years. An entity must file required supporting documents with the tax authority and ensure fulfillment of the relevant TASE criteria before using the preferential rate. An entity could apply for the TASE certificate every year. Dividends by PRC entities, to non-PRC resident enterprises shall be subject to 10% EIT, namely withholding tax, unless the respective non-PRC resident enterprise’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty or arrangements with China that provides for a reduced withholding tax rate or an exemption from withholding tax.Adagene (Suzhou) Limited was first recognized as a qualified TASE in March 2015 and renewed in December 2018 and November 2021. Adagene (Suzhou) Limited was authorized to enjoy the preferential tax rate of 15% from 2015 to at least November 2024.Cayman IslandsAdagene Inc. is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands Adagene Inc. is not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, the Cayman Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders.Hong KongAdagene (Hong Kong) Limited is incorporated in Hong Kong. Companies registered in Hong Kong are subject to Hong Kong profits tax on the taxable income as reported in their respective statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with the relevant Hong Kong tax laws. The applicable tax rate in Hong Kong is 16.5%. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023, Adagene (Hong Kong) Limited did not make any provisions for Hong Kong profit tax as there were no assessable profits derived from or earnings in Hong Kong for any of the periods presented. Under the Hong Kong tax law, Adagene (Hong Kong) Limited is exempted from income tax on its foreign-derived income and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on remittance of dividends.AustraliaAdagene Australia Pty Ltd. is incorporated in Australia. Companies registered in Australia are subject to Australia profits tax on the taxable income as reported in their respective statutory financial statements adjusted in accordance with the relevant Australia tax laws. The applicable tax rate in Australia is 30%. Adagene Australia Pty Ltd. has no taxable income for all periods presented, therefore, no provision for income taxes is required. Dividends payable by an Australian entity, to non-Australian resident enterprises shall be subject to 30% withholding tax, unless the respective non-Australian resident enterprise’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty or arrangements with Australia that provides for a reduced withholding tax rate or an exemption from withholding tax.United StatesAdagene Incorporated is incorporated in U.S. and is subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax at a rate of 21%. Adagene Incorporated is also subject to state income tax in California of 8.84%. Dividends payable by an U.S. entity, to non-U.S. resident enterprises shall be subject to 30% withholding tax, unless the respective non-U.S. resident enterprise’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty or arrangements with U.S. that provides for a reduced withholding tax rate or an exemption from withholding tax. PRC has the tax treaty with U.S.SwitzerlandAdagene AG is incorporated in Switzerland and is subject to federal corporate income tax at a rate of 8.5%. Adagene AG is also subject to cantonal income tax of 6.5% as well as capital tax of 0.1% in the Canton of Basel subject to certain tax benefits and relief. Dividends payable by a Swiss entity, to non-Swiss resident enterprises shall be subject to 35% withholding tax, unless the respective non-Swiss resident enterprise’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty or arrangements with Switzerland that provides for a reduced withholding tax rate or an exemption from withholding tax.Income tax expense (benefit) of the Group for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 were composed of the following current and deferred amounts:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:32.99%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">For the years ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Current:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">U.S.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Federal</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,290,009</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 672,064</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">1,502,796</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">State and local</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 367,441</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (168,846)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">188,612</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total current</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,657,450</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 503,218</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,691,408</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Deferred:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">U.S.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Federal</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 96,804</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (96,804)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">State and local</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (52,641)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 52,641</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total deferred</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 44,163</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (44,163)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Income tax expense</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,701,613</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 459,055</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">1,691,408</td></tr></table>Reconciliation between the income tax expense computed by applying the statutory tax rate to loss before income tax and the actual provision for income tax was as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:33.2%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">For the years ended December 31,</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Loss before income tax</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (71,476,322)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (79,512,792)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (17,254,962)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">PRC statutory income tax rate</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 25</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 25</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">25</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">%</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Income tax credit computed at PRC statutory income tax rate</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (17,869,081)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (19,878,198)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (4,313,740)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Impact of PRC preferential income tax rate as qualified TASE</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7,147,633</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7,951,279</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,725,496</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Difference in income tax rates of overseas entities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 10,549,985</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 10,560,029</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (1,012,031)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development super-deduction(a)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (569,016)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (1,724,740)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (693,340)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development tax credits</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (569,575)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (668,854)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Non-deductible expenses</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,054</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,695</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7,241</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Foreign derived intangible income deduction</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (487,183)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (394,979)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Changes in valuation allowance</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,277,418</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4,517,358</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7,064,573</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">State tax</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 291,500</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 76,127</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (22,363)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Others</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (127,880)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 10,263</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (595)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Income tax expense</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,701,613</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 459,055</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,691,408</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr></table><div style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;min-height:1.19em;position:relative;width:100%;"><div style="background-color:#000000;height:1pt;position:relative;top:0.6em;width:25.0%;border:none;margin:0 auto 0 0;"></div></div>Note (a): Due to the impacts of research and development super-deduction, the Group’s subsidiary, Adagene (Suzhou) Limited, did not have any income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2022.Deferred tax assets and liabilitiesDeferred taxes were measured using the enacted tax rates for the periods in which the temporary differences are expected to be reversed. The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to the deferred tax balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 were as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:80%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:25.78%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Deferred tax assets:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Net operating loss carry forward</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8,217,976</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 15,413,070</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Tax credit carry forward</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 391,843</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,077,073</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Capitalized research and development expenses</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 756,197</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Capitalized inventory</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 94,954</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 72,402</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Unrealized foreign exchange gain/losses</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 116,238</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 67,453</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Accrued expenses</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 29,702</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Amortization of right-of-use assets and interest of lease liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 546</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 676</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Gross deferred tax assets</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 9,607,456</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 16,630,674</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Less: valuation allowance</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (9,524,497)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (16,589,070)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Deferred tax assets</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 82,959</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 41,604</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Deferred tax liabilities:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and software</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (82,959)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (41,604)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Deferred tax liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (82,959)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (41,604)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total deferred tax liabilities, net</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">—</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">—</td></tr></table>Movement of the valuation allowance was as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.09%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.09%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.88%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.09%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.09%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.88%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.09%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.09%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.43%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.88%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Balance as of January 1</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.09%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.43%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,729,721</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.09%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.43%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5,007,139</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.88%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">9,524,497</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Addition</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.09%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,277,418</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.09%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4,517,358</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.88%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">7,064,573</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Balance as of December 31</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.09%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.43%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 5,007,139</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.09%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.43%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 9,524,497</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.1%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.88%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">16,589,070</td></tr></table>A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the amount of deferred tax assets if it is considered more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized in the foreseeable future. In making such determination, the Group evaluates a variety of positive and negative factors including the Group’s operating history, accumulated deficit, the existence of taxable temporary differences and reversal periods.The Group has incurred net accumulated operating losses for income tax purposes since its inception. As of December 31, 2023, the Group had net operating losses for income tax purpose of approximately US$136,672,221. The net operating losses were primarily comprised of: US$25,271,118 from an entity in PRC which expires in years 2029 through 2033; US$4,635,670 derived from an entity Switzerland which expires in years 2028 through 2029; US$5,744,965 derived from an entity in Hong Kong that have an indefinite carryforward; US$11,094,390 derived from an entity in Australia that have an indefinite carryforward subject to meeting certain criteria; US$88,416,478 derived from an entity in the United States which expires beginning year 2038; and, US$1,509,600 derived from entities in Singapore. The Group believes that it is more likely than not that these net accumulated operating losses will not be utilized in the near future. Therefore, the Group has provided full valuation allowances for the deferred tax assets for all subsidiaries as of December 31, 2023.The Group evaluates each uncertain tax position (including the potential application of interest and penalties) based on the technical merits, and measure the unrecognized benefits associated with the tax positions. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group did not have any unrecognized uncertain tax positions. The Group does not anticipate that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change within the next 12 months.The Group conducts business in a number of tax jurisdictions and, as such, is required to file income tax returns in multiple jurisdictions globally. As of December 31, 2023, PRC tax matters are open to examination for the years 2021 through 2023, U.S. federal and state tax matters are open to examination for the years 2020 through 2023, and Australia tax matters are open to examination for the years 2020 through 2023.

0.25

0.15 0.10 0.15

0.165

0 0 0 0

0.30

0 0 0

0.30

0.21

0.0884

0.30

0.085

0.065

0.001 0.35

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:32.99%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">For the years ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Current:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">U.S.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Federal</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,290,009</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 672,064</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">1,502,796</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">State and local</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 367,441</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (168,846)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">188,612</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total current</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,657,450</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 503,218</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,691,408</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Deferred:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">U.S.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Federal</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 96,804</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (96,804)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">State and local</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (52,641)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 52,641</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total deferred</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 44,163</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (44,163)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.95%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Income tax expense</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,701,613</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.63%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 459,055</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.05%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.6%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">1,691,408</td></tr></table>

1290009

672064

1502796

367441

-168846

188612

1657450

503218

1691408

96804

-96804

-52641

52641

44163

-44163

1701613

459055

1691408

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:33.2%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">For the years ended December 31,</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Loss before income tax</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (71,476,322)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (79,512,792)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (17,254,962)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">PRC statutory income tax rate</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 25</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 25</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">25</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">%</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Income tax credit computed at PRC statutory income tax rate</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (17,869,081)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (19,878,198)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (4,313,740)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Impact of PRC preferential income tax rate as qualified TASE</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7,147,633</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7,951,279</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,725,496</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Difference in income tax rates of overseas entities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 10,549,985</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 10,560,029</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (1,012,031)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development super-deduction(a)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (569,016)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (1,724,740)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (693,340)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Research and development tax credits</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (569,575)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (668,854)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Non-deductible expenses</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,054</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 3,695</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7,241</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Foreign derived intangible income deduction</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (487,183)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (394,979)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Changes in valuation allowance</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,277,418</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4,517,358</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7,064,573</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">State tax</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 291,500</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 76,127</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (22,363)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:63.76%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Others</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (127,880)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 10,263</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (595)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:63.76%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Income tax expense</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.48%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,701,613</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 459,055</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,691,408</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr></table><div style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10.0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;min-height:1.19em;position:relative;width:100%;"><div style="background-color:#000000;height:1pt;position:relative;top:0.6em;width:25.0%;border:none;margin:0 auto 0 0;"></div></div>Note (a): Due to the impacts of research and development super-deduction, the Group’s subsidiary, Adagene (Suzhou) Limited, did not have any income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2021, and 2022.

-71476322

-79512792

-17254962

0.25

-17869081

-19878198

-4313740

7147633

7951279

1725496

10549985

10560029

-1012031

569016 1724740 693340

569575

668854

1054

3695

7241

487183

394979

2277418

4517358

7064573

291500

76127

-22363

-127880

10263

-595

1701613

459055

1691408

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:80%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:25.78%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Deferred tax assets:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Net operating loss carry forward</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 8,217,976</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 15,413,070</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Tax credit carry forward</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 391,843</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,077,073</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Capitalized research and development expenses</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 756,197</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Capitalized inventory</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 94,954</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 72,402</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Unrealized foreign exchange gain/losses</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 116,238</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 67,453</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Accrued expenses</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 29,702</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Amortization of right-of-use assets and interest of lease liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 546</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 676</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Gross deferred tax assets</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 9,607,456</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 16,630,674</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Less: valuation allowance</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (9,524,497)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (16,589,070)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Deferred tax assets</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 82,959</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 41,604</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Deferred tax liabilities:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Depreciation and amortization of property, equipment and software</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (82,959)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (41,604)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Deferred tax liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (82,959)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (41,604)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:72.36%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total deferred tax liabilities, net</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:11.38%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">—</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.54%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">—</td></tr></table>

8217976

15413070

391843

1077073

756197

94954

72402

116238

67453

29702

546 676

9607456

16630674

9524497

16589070

82959

41604

82959

41604

82959

41604

2729721

5007139

9524497

2277418

4517358

7064573

5007139

9524497

16589070

136672221

25271118

4635670

5744965

11094390

88416478

1509600

11. NET LOSS PER SHAREBasic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 were calculated as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:33.61%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">For the Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Numerator:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Net loss attributable to Adagene Inc.’s shareholders</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (73,177,935)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (79,971,847)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (18,946,370)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Accretion of convertible redeemable preferred shares to redemption value</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (28,553)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Net loss attributable to ordinary shareholders</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (73,206,488)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (79,971,847)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (18,946,370)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Denominator:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.63%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Weighted‑average number of ordinary shares outstanding—basic and diluted</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 50,032,009</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 54,135,084</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 54,737,530</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:64.63%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Net Loss per share—basic and diluted</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (1.46)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (1.48)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.75%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:10.03%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (0.35)</td></tr></table>The effects of all outstanding share options and share grant have been excluded from the computation of diluted loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023 as their effects would be anti-dilutive.The potentially dilutive securities that have not been included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive are as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:29.81%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">For the Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.02%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.02%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Incremental shares on share options and share grant</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,739,882</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 530,298</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 52,942</td></tr></table>

-73177935

-79971847

-18946370

28553

-73206488

-79971847

-18946370

50032009

54135084

54737530

-1.46

-1.48

-0.35

1739882

530298

52942

12. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin-bottom:0pt;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:36pt;padding:0pt;">a)</td><td style="padding:0pt;">Related Parties</td></tr></table><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.96%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:64.18%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.96%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Name of related parties</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:64.18%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Relationship</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.96%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Peter Luo</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:64.18%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and a principal shareholder of the Company</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.96%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Certain senior management personnel</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:64.18%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Management and ordinary shareholders of the Company</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.96%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd. (“WuXi AppTec Group”)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:64.18%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">A principal shareholder of the Company</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.96%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi Biologics (Cayman) Inc.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:64.18%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Controlled by the ultimate controlling party of a principal shareholder of the Company</td></tr></table><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin-bottom:0pt;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:36pt;padding:0pt;">b)</td><td style="padding:0pt;">The Group had the following related party balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2023:</td></tr></table><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:21.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31, </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi AppTec Group</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 503,941</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 118,594</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi Biologics (Cayman) Inc.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 115,491</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 102,416</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Certain senior management personnel.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,017</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total amounts due from related parties</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 619,432</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 222,027</td></tr></table>As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the amounts due from related parties mainly represented prepayments made for the CRO and CMO services. <table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:21.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31, </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi Biologics (Cayman) Inc.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 17,840,876</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 16,371,593</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi AppTec Group</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,482,461</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 341,716</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Certain senior management personnel.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,017</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total amounts due to related parties</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 19,323,337</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 16,714,326</td></tr></table>As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the amounts due to related parties mainly represented payables for the CRO and CMO services.<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin-bottom:0pt;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:36pt;padding:0pt;">c)</td><td style="padding:0pt;">The Group had the following related party transactions during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023:</td></tr></table><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:30.83%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">For the years ended</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:30.83%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">December 31, </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Receipt of CRO and CMO services:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi Biologics (Cayman) Inc.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 12,561,276</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 27,764,750</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,868,815</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi AppTec Group</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 517,742</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7,362,713</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 787,602</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Certain senior management personnel.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4,087</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 13,079,018</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 35,127,463</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,660,504</td></tr></table>

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin-bottom:0pt;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:36pt;padding:0pt;">a)</td><td style="padding:0pt;">Related Parties</td></tr></table><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.96%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:64.18%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.96%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Name of related parties</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:64.18%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Relationship</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.96%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Peter Luo</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:64.18%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and a principal shareholder of the Company</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.96%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Certain senior management personnel</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:64.18%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Management and ordinary shareholders of the Company</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.96%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd. (“WuXi AppTec Group”)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:64.18%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">A principal shareholder of the Company</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:33.96%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi Biologics (Cayman) Inc.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:64.18%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Controlled by the ultimate controlling party of a principal shareholder of the Company</td></tr></table><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin-bottom:0pt;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:36pt;padding:0pt;">b)</td><td style="padding:0pt;">The Group had the following related party balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2023:</td></tr></table><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:21.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31, </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi AppTec Group</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 503,941</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 118,594</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi Biologics (Cayman) Inc.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 115,491</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 102,416</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Certain senior management personnel.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,017</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total amounts due from related parties</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 619,432</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 222,027</td></tr></table>As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the amounts due from related parties mainly represented prepayments made for the CRO and CMO services. <table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:21.43%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31, </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi Biologics (Cayman) Inc.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 17,840,876</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 16,371,593</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi AppTec Group</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,482,461</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 341,716</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Certain senior management personnel.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,017</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:76.14%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total amounts due to related parties</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.51%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 19,323,337</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.41%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.5%;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 16,714,326</td></tr></table>As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the amounts due to related parties mainly represented payables for the CRO and CMO services.<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;line-height:1.19;margin-bottom:0pt;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;border:0pt;"><tr><td style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Times','serif';font-size:10pt;font-style:italic;vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;width:36pt;padding:0pt;">c)</td><td style="padding:0pt;">The Group had the following related party transactions during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and 2023:</td></tr></table><table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:30.83%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">For the years ended</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:30.83%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">December 31, </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2021</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Receipt of CRO and CMO services:</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi Biologics (Cayman) Inc.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 12,561,276</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 27,764,750</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1,868,815</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">WuXi AppTec Group</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 517,742</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 7,362,713</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 787,602</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Certain senior management personnel.</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4,087</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:67.31%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 13,079,018</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:9.35%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 35,127,463</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:1.85%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:8.42%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2,660,504</td></tr></table>

503941

118594

115491

102416

1017

619432

222027

17840876

16371593

1482461

341716

1017

19323337

16714326

12561276

27764750

1868815

517742

7362713

787602

4087

13079018

35127463

2660504

13. LEASESAs of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the Group has operating leases recorded on its consolidated balance sheet for certain office spaces that expire on various dates through 2026. The Group does not plan to cancel the existing lease agreements for its existing office spaces prior to their respective expiration dates. The Group’s lease arrangements have no renewal options, rent escalation clauses, restrictions or contingent rents and are all executed with third parties. All of the Group’s leases qualify as operating leases.Information related to operating leases as of December 31, 2022 and 2023 is as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.16%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.55%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.16%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.24%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31,</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.16%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.53%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.55%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.16%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.55%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Assets</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.16%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.53%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.55%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Operating lease right-of-use assets</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.16%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 191,877</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.55%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 365,103</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.16%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.53%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.55%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Current portion of operating lease liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.16%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 151,983</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.55%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 195,955</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Operating lease liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.16%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.53%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 53,834</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.55%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 173,660</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.42%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Weighted average remaining lease term (years)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.16%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.53%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 1.3</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.55%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2.1</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:68.42%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Weighted average discount rate</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.16%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.53%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4.6</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">%</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.55%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 4.4</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.15%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">%</td></tr></table>Information related to operating lease activity during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023 is as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.84%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">For the Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Operating lease rental expense</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Amortization of right-of-use assets</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 283,276</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 216,305</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Expense for short-term leases within 12 months</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 34,729</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 13,514</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Interest of lease liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 20,259</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 12,100</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 338,264</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 241,919</td></tr></table>Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.84%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 157,603</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2024</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 54,823</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 207,155</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2025</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 123,546</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2026</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 55,499</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total undiscounted lease payments</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 212,426</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 386,200</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Less: imputed interest</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (6,609)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (16,585)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total lease liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 205,817</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 369,615</td></tr></table>

191877

365103

151983

195955

53834

173660

P1Y3M18D

P2Y1M6D

0.046

0.044

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.84%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">For the Year Ended December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Operating lease rental expense</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Amortization of right-of-use assets</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 283,276</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 216,305</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Expense for short-term leases within 12 months</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 34,729</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 13,514</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Interest of lease liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 20,259</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 12,100</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 338,264</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 241,919</td></tr></table>

283276

216305

34729

13514

20259 12100 338264 241919

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-size:16pt;height:max-content;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-left:0pt;padding-right:0pt;width:100%;"><tr style="height:1pt;"><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"><div style="height:1pt;overflow:hidden;overflow-wrap:break-word;position:relative;"><div style="bottom:0pt;position:absolute;width:100%;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td colspan="3" style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:27.84%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">As of December 31,</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2022</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">US$</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2023</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 157,603</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2024</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 54,823</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 207,155</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2025</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 123,546</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">2026</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> —</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 55,499</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total undiscounted lease payments</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 212,426</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 386,200</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Less: imputed interest</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (6,609)</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;border-bottom:1px solid #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> (16,585)</td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:69.93%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;">Total lease liabilities</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> </td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.82%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 205,817</td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:2.22%;background:#cceeff;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"></td><td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap;width:12.79%;background:#cceeff;border-bottom:3px double #000000;margin:0pt;padding:0pt;"> 369,615</td></tr></table>

157603

54823

207155

123546

55499

212426

386200

6609

16585

205817

369615

14. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIESContingenciesThe Group is currently not involved in any legal or administrative proceedings that may have a material adverse impact on the Group’s business, financial position, cash flows or results of operations.

15. RESTRICTED NET ASSETSThe Group’s ability to pay dividends may depend on the Group receiving distributions of funds from its PRC subsidiary. Relevant PRC statutory laws and regulations permit payments of dividends by the Group’s PRC subsidiary only out of its retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. The results of operations reflected in the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP differ from those reflected in the statutory financial statements of the Group’s PRC subsidiary.In accordance with the company law of the PRC, a domestic enterprise is required to provide statutory reserves of at least 10% of its annual after-tax profit until such reserve has reached 50% of its respective registered capital based on the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts. A domestic enterprise is also required to provide discretionary surplus reserve, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, from the profits determined in accordance with the enterprise’s PRC statutory accounts. The aforementioned reserves can only be used for specific purposes and are not distributable as cash dividends. The Group’s PRC subsidiary was established as domestic invested enterprise and therefore is subject to the abovementioned restrictions on distributable profits.As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, the total restricted net assets of the Company’s subsidiary incorporated in PRC and subjected to restriction amounted to approximately US$1,860,667 for both years. Other subsidiaries are not subjected to such restriction.As a result of these PRC laws and regulations subject to the limit discussed above that require annual appropriations of 10% of after-tax income to be set aside, prior to payment of dividends, as general reserve fund, the Group’s PRC subsidiary is restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Group.Foreign exchange and other regulations in the PRC further restrict the Group’s PRC subsidiaries from transferring funds to the Company in the form of dividends, loans and advances.As of December 31, 2023, the net asset base for purposes of calculating the proportionate share of restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries was US$1,860,667 from the PRC subsidiary. As the restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries did not exceed 25% of consolidated net assets as of the most recent fiscal year end, the Group was not required to provide parent company financial information.

0.10 0.50

1860667

0.10

1860667

0.25

16. Treasury SharesThe Group accounts for treasury shares using the cost method. Under this method, the cost incurred to purchase the shares is recorded in the treasury shares account in the consolidated balance sheets. At retirement, the ordinary shares account is charged only for the aggregate par value of the shares. The excess of the acquisition cost of treasury shares over the aggregate par value is recorded entirely in additional paid-in capital (up to the amount credited to the additional paid-in capital upon original issuance of the shares). In the event that treasury share is reissued at an amount different from the cost the Group paid to repurchase the treasury share, the Group will recognize the difference in additional paid-in capital by using the specified identification method.On July 7, 2021, the Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program to repurchase up to US$20 million of outstanding ADSs of the Company, from time to time over a 12-month period from the date on which a formal stock repurchase plan engagement agreement was signed with a qualified broker-dealer (the “2021 Share Repurchase Program”). The 2021 Share Repurchase Program commenced on July 20, 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, 236,139 and 1,170,446 outstanding ADSs (295,174 and 1,463,057 ordinary shares) were repurchased with a total consideration of US$2,361,576 and US$3,904,399 respectively, under the 2021 Share Repurchase Program.On June 29, 2022, the Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program to repurchase up to US$10 million of outstanding ADSs of the Company during a period of up to 12 months commencing on July 20, 2022 (the “2022 Share Repurchase Program”). The 2022 Share Repurchase Program was subsequently terminated in July 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, 39,900 outstanding ADSs (49,875 ordinary shares) was repurchased with a total consideration of US$72,282 under the 2022 Share Repurchase Program. During the year ended December 31, 2023, no shares were repurchased.During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, 160,880 and 1,285,604 ADSs (201,100 and 1,607,005 ordinary shares) repurchased have been retired, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2023, no shares were retired. As of December 31, 2022 and 2023, there was 1 ADS (approximately 1 ordinary share) held as treasury share, respectively.

20000000

P12M

236139

1170446

295174

1463057

2361576

3904399

10000000

P12M

39900

49875

72282

160880

1285604

201100

1607005